[转帖]G类写作笔记(页 1) - 雅思写作大家谈 - 无忧雅思论坛雅思|IELTS|留学|出国|移民

knightven 发表于 2005-9-24 18:04

[转帖]G类写作笔记

<H1>鸣谢原创作者.</H1>
<H1><A>G类写作笔记</A> 
<A>1st Writing Lecture</A> </H1>
 
<H5>Task 2 
</H5>
<H3><A>Ⅰ、命题形式与段落结构关系</A> 
</H3>
IELTS作文TASK2一般是4段或5段
使用5段命题的题目： 


1) problem(s) + reason(s) + suggestion(s) 100%用5段
1st P 2th+3th +4th Ps 5th P(1-2句) 


2) (to what extent) do you agree ? agree or disagree 90%用5段 


1st P : agree or disagree 


2nd-4th Ps : reasons 


5th P : conclusion 


3) what is your opinion? 


使用4段命题的题目： 


1) discuss 


2) advantages and disadvantages 


2nd P 3rd P 


* 命题时先确定是几段命题 


<H3><A>Ⅱ、困惑（</A>Problems） 
</H3>
1、词汇 —— 不会用已有的词汇
解决方法：背句子。
e.g.: 如果一种语言消失了，那么这种语言后面的文化也将不复存在
If a language disappears, the culture behind it will not exist then.
→ If a language has gone with the wind, the culture behind it will never be yesterday once more.
2、思维 —— no ideas
This is a critical problem in the IELTS writing test.
解决方法：在网上或在课上与同学讨论讲义中的写作题目。
3、语法 —— grammatical control
解决方法：写→改→再写。
<H3><A>Ⅲ、评分标准</A> 
</H3>
<?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = V /><V:SHAPETYPE><V:FORMULAS><V:F eqn="val #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum #1 0 #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum #1 #0 0"></V:F><V:F eqn="prod #0 9598 32768"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 @4"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 #1"></V:F><V:F eqn="min #1 @6"></V:F><V:F eqn="prod @7 1 2"></V:F><V:F eqn="prod #0 2 1"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 @9"></V:F><V:F eqn="val #1"></V:F></V:FORMULAS><V<IMG alt=":P" border="0" smilieid="7" src="./images/smilies/default/tongue.gif" />ATH connecttype="custom" connectlocs="21600,0;0,10800;21600,21600" textboxrect="13963,@4,21600,@5" arrowok="t"></V<IMG alt=":P" border="0" smilieid="7" src="./images/smilies/default/tongue.gif" />ATH><V:HANDLES><V:H position="center,#0" yrange="0,@8"></V:H><V:H position="topLeft,#1" yrange="@9,@10"></V:H></V:HANDLES></V:SHAPETYPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>BASIC：1、结构正确 2、切题 首尾 3、有明确过渡词
中间段首句
4、语法虽有错误，但不影响阅读



详解： 


Band 6↓ 


1：判断是4段还是5段作文。



2：⑴首尾一定要呼应，一致；
⑵中间段首句一定是观点、论点，而不是论据。



3：过渡词一定要明确 ⑴平行类；⑵转折类。



4：开头结尾、中间段首句一定不能出语法错误。
3种语法绝对不能有：
⑴ 主谓一致：单复数必须一致。Solution：出现动词时，找出动词的主语，查看是否一致；
⑵ 谓语动词不单一，一句话中绝对不能出现两个谓语动词，there be句型一定不用；
⑶ 代词指代准确：which是关系代词，只能指代名词，不能指代全句。



Band7↓（Band6基础上） 


5：句型复杂多变，简单/复杂=3/7
<V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>⑴比较结构；⑵分词短语 现在分词短语 ⑶强调句型；⑷个别时使用1-2
过去分词短语
个倒装句；⑸复合句（定语从句、状语从句等从句）是重点。



6：词汇有变化（同义词的熟练使用）



Band8↓（Band7基础上） 


7：有修辞内涵
⑴ 设问（适用于开头）
⑵ 反问（适用与结尾）
⑶ 偶尔的比喻 
⑷ 压韵：压头韵alliteration: tell facts from fictions。



Band9↓（Band8基础上） 


8：体现出文化内涵，对于西方文化的深刻了解。
⑴ 成语的正确使用；
⑵ 习语的正确使用：



* 作业：写7分句型（≥10个），自己体会，从剑桥雅思Ⅲ的阅读文章中找句子。 


<H2>2nd Writing Lecture</H2>
<H2>Writing Tast2 结构与字数分配 </H2>



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<TBODY>
<TR>
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第一段 
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<TD vAlign=top width=190>



30—50字</TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=190>



3句到4句 
 </TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=190 rowSpan=3>



第二段 





第三段 





第四段 

</TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=190>



60—80字 

</TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=190 rowSpan=3>









4—5句/段 

</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=190>



60—80字 

</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=190>



60—80字 

</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=190>



第五段 

</TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=190>



30—50字 

</TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=190>



1—2句 

</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>



 





<H3>Ⅰ、开头段的功能与写作手法 
</H3>
一、功能
* 引入主题—Introduction，引入关键的信息，最后提出观点—Opinion 





二、写作手法
对于题目中提出的problem / issue / controversy / debate… 


1、方式一：陈述 





基本句型：The debate is…/The focus is…/The critical issue is… 





※ 2、方式二：设问（高分结构） 


一般来说有下面两种形式：
⑴　设问后直接进入自己的观点。
debate → opinion
* ⑵　设问后，先写出一个对立的观点，之后表达自己的观点。
debate → 对立opinion → opinion 



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讲义P1：Whether it is good or bad to marriage with a foreigner? 





⑴可以以设问形式开头。核心词是marriage，e.g.：婚姻该受到国籍的限制吗？



⑵然后可从以下两个角度考虑： 





角度一：有哪些群体会比较关心这个话题。如sociologists, culture researchers, scholars and experts等人群。
e.g.：婚姻该受到国籍的限制吗？sociologists, culture researchers, scholars and experts等人认为…。而我的观点是…。



角度二：从时间角度考虑。过去的观点/传统观点认为…。
e.g.：童年对于人生到底起到什么样的作用？过去的观点认为…。但是现在…。我认为…。



讲义P2：Some people think that the childhood is more important than the first years after school to the development of one’s future characters and life. Do you agree or disagree? Give your explanation and use your example.



例文： 


方案一：① To what extent can childhood influence one’s whole life? ② The traditional theory holds that childhood shapes an individual’s development more than anything ( any other time/any other period ) else does. ③Nevertheless, my experience and some scientific evidence do not support the old view. 


方案二：① To what extent can childhood influence one’s whole life? ②My experience and some scientific evidence demonstrate that childhood is more vital than any other period in one’s whole life. 





得分点解析：第一句：设问句。
第二句：…more than…比较结构，8分句型。命题中涉及到比较的都可以引入比较结构。 


第三句：有明显的过渡词，转折。



* 注意学会使用框内的高分词汇，词汇要有变化，不要总用opinion来表达“观点”的意思。 





这个结构中的任意一句都可以随意变换。
1、去掉第一句也可以作为开头。E.g.：⑴ The traditional theory…⑵ My experience and some scientific evidence demonstrate that…；
2、去掉第二句也可以。E.g.：⑴ To what extent…. ⑵ My experience and some scientific evidence demonstrate that childhood is more vital than any other period in one’s whole life。



讲义P3：Some people say it is a good way to spend a lot of money on the costumes and hair beauty while others say it is waste of money and time. Use your experience to illustrate to which idea you prefer. 





例文：① Can costumes and hair beauty benefit ( positively impact/affect) one’s work, life, and study? ② The average people ( People on average ) claim that to do hair wastes time and money. ③ However/Nevertheless, psychologists and human resource managers argue that costumes and hair beauty bring people not only happiness, but also success. ④ I welcome this new development. 





注意复合连词的使用，高分句型



* 《剑桥雅思Ⅲ》P168是一篇8分范文。 


<H3>Ⅱ、中间主体段落的本质与构成 
</H3>
一、中间段落的本质 


本质上是一个论证Argument的过程。
<V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>论证方式主要有两种： 归纳法 ：个体→主体
演绎法 ：主体→个体



IELTS Writing主要应用归纳法。



二、中间段落的构成（得分点） 





1、主体3段中每段与上下段之间必须有过渡，要能够衔接的上，是章法标明的体现。
㈠ 5段：明显过渡词，e.g.：first, second, finally…(注意：前面如果没有first，后面就一定不能出现finally。)
㈡ 4段：转折关系过渡，e.g.：by contrast…



2、分论点的提出（1-2句）
㈠ 一定要重复命题的核心词，6分的根本，如果没有核心词则判为跑题。
㈡ 句型：句型要复杂多变，7分基本要求。



3、提出分论点后，要提供一个论证的过程（1-2句）
* 分论点 + 举例 = 结构错误 （分论点后不能直接加上事例） 


论证是对论点的解释： 


㈠ 对分论点进行解释
㈡ 从反面支持分论点：如果没有…，则会…。For example，…。
㈢ 条件假设：If not …，…。



4、提供论据（≤3句）
㈠ 个人的经历：My experience is…。
㈡ 事实或者统计数据（编）。



5、归纳（1句）
完全可以没有这个部分，但是在字数不够的情况下，可以用归纳来凑足字数。
e.g.：This indicates that…/ Clearly,…/ Thus,…/Hence,…/Accordingly,…/Consequently,… 以上词汇都表示结论与归纳。
<H2>3rd Writing Lecture 
一、(接上节课)中间主体段落 </H2>


4、提供论据（≤3句） 


㈠ 个人的经历：My experience is…。 


㈡ 事实或者统计数据（可以自己编，只要不是太离谱）。 





1、举例词组： A case in point is that…
Take…as a case/as an example, …
Take the fact that…as a case/as an example, …
<V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>Fact that…serves as an example.
a typical example. 有代表性的
a convincing example. 有说服力的
2、数据对比 





①　A study conducted 进行，做（研究） by sociologists from(the Law School of 扩展字数时可以加上) Yale University between 1990 and 2000 in the case that the divorce rate of the international family was only 0.32%. ②　However, the average divorce rate was as high as 0.9%. 





二、例文精讲 


* 1、练习时要学会分析题目中问题出现的原因，这是在考前需要完成的工作。
2、首段，末段和中间主体段落的首句绝对不能出现语法错误。
Topic：Most cities have traffic and housing problems. Some people suggest that big companies and factories（核心词） move to countryside. What’s your opinion? 


§ 1首段思路：1、问题存在，严重，急需解决（陈述形式，最好加入比喻）
2、什么是最好的解决方式？（设问形式）
3、一种观点认为…。
4、转折：但是，我（和…）认为…(反方观点)。
Paragraph 1 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>①首句用比喻，8分　　　　②what的双重语法性质，9分 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>Like a disease that troubles the patients, traffic and housing problems in almost every metropolis (big cities, such as…) are what governments must address without any delay. But, how? One theory claims big companies and factories should be moved to the hinterland/countryside. Although it sounds plausible, the theory is not essentially/actually/in fact flawless. [或者：the theory is misleading (undermined by the following facts and figures⑤压头韵) 


③长短句错落有致，有节奏韵律变化 ④双否=强烈肯定
另一种比喻方式： 


Tuning into BBC or CNN, you are flooded by various problems. But, what are the most serious? Undoubtedly, they are traffic and housing problems (省略which) each city is confronted with. One theory claims big companies and factories should be moved to the hinterland/countryside. Although it sounds plausible, the theory is not essentially/actually/in fact flawless. 





§ 2 主题段落部分 


* 1、段首句一定要有明显的过渡词，这是6分的基本点。
2、注意要重复题目中核心词。
Paragraph 2 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>①明显过渡词 ②长短句结构
<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>To begin with, it is entirely wrong to attribute city housing and traffic problems to big companies and factories. Why? The area that big factories and companies occupy usually accounts（注意主谓一致） for less than (因为area不可数，所以用less，而不是用smaller)15% of the whole city. Hence, big companies and factories contribute little to housing and traffic problems. Moreover, the number of the employees of big companies and factories is (与主语the number保持主谓一致) not large enough to cause traffic and housing problems. 





Paragraph 3 


Next, to move big companies and factories does not solve the housing and traffic problems. In fact, it harms rather than helps（压头韵） city economic development by shifting the problems from city to countryside. Once the big companies and factories are moved to countryside, schools, banks, hospitals, raw material supplies, and the like will also stream into the countryside. When the system becomes a flood, a new city comes into being. Then, the old problems reappear in the “new cities”. In addition, it is these big companies and factories that trigger and lead the city economic development. To remove them, products and services are expensive. Hence, to move them countryside makes little sense. 


* 并列关系的句子可减少1-2句，任意去掉哪一句，文章仍然精彩。
§ 3 结尾段：1-2句，必须有结尾标志词，一定要与首段呼应。 


<H4 0cm 0pt?>Paragraph 4</H4>
<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>①有明显结尾标志词 & ②与首段观点呼应
To sum up, I do not agree that big companies and factories should be moved to countryside. To solve the problem more effectively and efficiently（压头韵），扩展时可以加入这样的词组, governments and scholars should consider more insightfully. 


* 第二句完全可以没有，只用一句来重申观点，与首段呼应即可。但是在字数不够，或有余附时间的情况下，可以加上第二句。（To solve….insightfully一句亦可用与口语中环境话题。） 


4th Writing Lecture 

一、以讲义P3题目为例讲解总分结构的拓展：
讲义P3：Some people believe that the bicycle is the best way to travel from one place to the other. State the advantages and disadvantages of riding bicycle. 





与开汽车相比较
1、骑自行车的优点 


<V:SHAPETYPE><V:FORMULAS><V:F eqn="val #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum #1 0 #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum #1 #0 0"></V:F><V:F eqn="prod #0 9598 32768"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 @4"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 #1"></V:F><V:F eqn="min #1 @6"></V:F><V:F eqn="prod @7 1 2"></V:F><V:F eqn="prod #0 2 1"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 21600 0 @9"></V:F><V:F eqn="val #1"></V:F></V:FORMULAS><V<IMG alt=":P" border="0" smilieid="7" src="./images/smilies/default/tongue.gif" />ATH connecttype="custom" connectlocs="21600,0;0,10800;21600,21600" textboxrect="13963,@4,21600,@5" arrowok="t"></V<IMG alt=":P" border="0" smilieid="7" src="./images/smilies/default/tongue.gif" />ATH><V:HANDLES><V:H position="center,#0" yrange="0,@8"></V:H><V:H position="topLeft,#1" yrange="@9,@10"></V:H></V:HANDLES></V:SHAPETYPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>㈠Physical health： ⑴开汽车只是手和脚做很少的运动； 


⑵骑自行车则是全身运动。 





㈡Pollution：自行车没有尾气排放emission，不燃烧任何燃料fuel，不产生任何的pollutant，所以没有physical和chemical的损害damage。 





<V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>㈢Save space： 汽车要occupy大约6㎡； 


而自行车只要不到1㎡。 


而且，一部汽车如果只有一个人坐，则浪费空间，而自行车不存在这种问题。 


还可以说些安全问题safety。 








2、骑自行车的缺点 


<V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>㈠Distance：自行车不能cover a long distance，一个人一般最远骑3-5km。 


骑太久会导致人疲劳fatigue，同时浪费时间waste time。 





㈡Wind/rain/sun：自行车无法阻挡恶劣的天气。 





㈢Economy：自行车产业对国家经济发展没有推动作用，nation-wide 


Mobile industry can promote a lot of other industries’ development, such as computer, steel… 





※二、IELTS作文Task2部分 


三类十二条（把抽象题目具体化） 


第一类：个体角度 Individual： 


㈠ Physical health（很基本的一个出发点），如：各种运动，放风筝等。 





㈡ Psychological development：现在的社会容易让人形成心理压力stress/pressure，以及太多的挫败感too much frustration，成功的机会很少success chance is very limited。 





㈢ Academic success 


㈣ Career achievement 


㈤ Moral / Aesthetic 








第二类：家庭角度 Family 


㈠ Generation gaps：孩子放学回家后，由于过多的作业和压力，根本没时间和心情与父母交流，communication between adolescents and adults is very limited； 


这种代沟是不能消灭的，而该在父母与孩子之间建立一种沟通的桥梁，we cannot eliminate the generation gaps, but should bridge over them。 





㈡ Husband & Wife 


㈢ Parents：孝顺父母问题honor。 





第三类：社会角度 Society （如P5 国际间旅游题目） 


㈠ Environment（Environmental Problems） 


pollution=contamination 





air pollution & soil pollution & water pollution 





water and soil erosion 水土流失 


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deforestation乱砍乱伐</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPETYPE><V:STROKE joinstyle="miter"></V:STROKE><V:FORMULAS><V:F eqn="val #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="val #1"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum height 0 #1"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum 10800 0 #1"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum width 0 #0"></V:F><V:F eqn="prod @4 @3 10800"></V:F><V:F eqn="sum width 0 @5"></V:F></V:FORMULAS><V<IMG alt=":P" border="0" smilieid="7" src="./images/smilies/default/tongue.gif" />ATH connecttype="custom" connectlocs="10800,0;0,@0;10800,21600;21600,@0" textboxrect="@1,0,@2,@6" connectangles="270,180,90,0"></V<IMG alt=":P" border="0" smilieid="7" src="./images/smilies/default/tongue.gif" />ATH><V:HANDLES><V:H position="#1,#0" yrange="0,21600" xrange="0,10800"></V:H></V:HANDLES></V:SHAPETYPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1035">
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导致空气中二氧化碳释放并在大气中积聚carbon dioxide is released and accumulated in the atmosphere； 


汽车尾气排放引起温室效应greenhouse effect，引致酸雨acid rain等现象的出现</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1037">
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引起全球变暖global warming</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1039">
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冰山融化iceberg melt away</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1044">
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海平面上升sea level rises up</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1045">
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物种多样性降低 bio-diversity falls down</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1046">
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会导致一些物种的灭绝plants & animals extinction</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1047">
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对生态系统形成威胁 ecosystem</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE><V:SHAPE><V:TEXTBOX style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1049">
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疾病大肆传播diseases widely spread</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></V:TEXTBOX></V:SHAPE>



















































































 
㈡ Economy development 


⑴农业经济的可持续性发展 Agricultural sustainable development 


反例：为了提高产量raise the crop yields，而使用化肥fertilizer和农药pesticide，最终会导致顶层土壤top soil的减少。 





⑵工业经济可持续性发展 Industrial sustainable development 


①采矿业 mining 


②制造业 manufacture：mechanical & electronical manufacture… 


<V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>③科学研究领域： out space discoveries 


submarine / deep ocean discoveries
可以显示出一个国家的经济实力 





㈢ Education 


教育的宗旨是传播和创造知识，Education is aimed to spread and create knowledge，教育同时可以培养一个人的人品和人格shape personality。 


电脑能否代替教师题目：不能。 


原因是：⑴电脑可以传播知识，但是无法创造知识，而教师可以。 


⑵教师可以培养一个学生的人品人格，而电脑不可以。 





㈣ Democracy 


民主的社会应该使公民的人权Human Rights得到保证，并做到对每个个体有同等equality的待遇。 





三、主体具体拓展精解
※（重点练习题目） 


讲义P4：With the urbanization of the society, many people in the outskirts have immigrated to cities. This causes some inconvenience to the cities, such as overpopulation or upgrading crime rates. Give your reasons for their migration and offer your suggestions to alleviate the problem. 


这是一篇5段作文 


例文： 


§1 开头段 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE> ①暗喻，8分 ②分词短语结构（主动形式），8分 


The stream of immigration from countryside to major cities ( between 1980 to 2000 ) turns into a flood, triggering a serious sociological study. To reveal / discover the reasons, I would like to insightfully 深刻地analyze this issue from the following aspects. 





§2 主体段 1 st 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>①强调句型，8分 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>First of all, it is mainly the rich employment opportunities ( major cities provide ) that draw / attract people from rural areas to urban areas. 


② 定语从句，8分 





§3 主体段2 nd 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE> ①分词结构（被动形式） 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>Second, compared with the countryside, metropolis / big cities are rich in education institutes, such as colleges, universities, and training centers, all of which are beneficial not only to adults, but also to adolescents. 


②列举结构以及并列结构的使用 


③非限定性定语从句 


3层以上复杂结构，9分 


其他段落省略 


※（重点练习题目） 


讲义P6：Some people agree that all kinds of jobs should be open to men and women while others think some jobs are suitable for men and some jobs are suitable for women. Discuss and give your opinion. 


<V:SHAPE></V:SHAPE>驳论：分析对立观点并加以驳斥； 


例论：举例。 





<H2 13pt 0cm?>5th Writing Lecture 
Task 1 （160字左右） </H2>

Ⅰ、正规书信书写格式 


* 注意：全部左对齐，无任何缩进。 


写信人地址 


×××××→空一行 


收信人地址 


××××× 


日期(June 11, 2005 美式/11 June, 2005 英式) 


××××× 


××××× 


Dear××， 


（注意：1、Dear在这里是尊敬的××的意思； 


2、称呼要与地址里收信人的名字一致。） 


* 以下每段之间空一行，段首左对齐，无缩进。 


××××× 


××××× 


Sincerely yours, 


→这是要亲笔签名的地方 


Helen Wang → 打印出的名字 


Ⅱ、IELTS作文Task1部分写作 


一、信开头的称呼 


Dear××， 


1、对于团体，机构的信笺：Sir or Madam， 


与之相对应的结尾是：Sincerely yours, 


Helen Wang； 


2、对于教授：Prof. / Professor××，注意要写教授的全名，中文姓名不能颠倒， 


与之相对应的结尾同上。 


3、对于家人、朋友、同学：名字，如Susan， 


与之相对应的结尾是：Yours, 


Helen 。
 
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-9-28 23:51:06编辑过]

knightven 发表于 2005-9-24 18:05

二、书信第一段的写作（1-2句，30字左右） 

书信作文第一段的两个功能：1、写信的目的； 


2、与读信人的关系。 


* 命题中给出的信息一般比较模糊，没有具体的人名和事件，这些模糊信息就是写作时扩展的基本。 


1、 讲义P1 


You are studying in a foreign university and are arranged to be a home-stay student, but the living condition is not satisfied. Please write a letter to complain. 


对模糊信息的扩展↓ 


I am a student at the Law School, Oxford University. When I entered the school on June 1st, 2005, I was arranged to be a home-stay student. I find that I have to complain the living condition. 


命题信息↑ 


2、 讲义P1 


You have a friend who will go on holiday to a town that you know very well, please write a letter to him/her, include: 


⑴ Recommend a place to live; 


⑵ What he/she can do there, or where he/she can go; 


⑶ Weather. 


I am glad to know that you are planning to visit New York city, U.S.A, which I have visited for several times(which I visited last year.). I am writing to share some information with you. 


3、讲义P1 


The school in your community lacks necessary sports facilities. Please write a letter to the manager of the sports club in the vicinity of your community asking for whether the local citizens can use the facilities of the club. 


Dear manager, 


<V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = V /><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE><V:STROKE endarrow="block"></V:STROKE></V<IMG alt=":L" border="0" smilieid="10" src="./images/smilies/default/sweat.gif" />INE>I am the chair of the Student Body of Andover, which is 5 minutes in walking (100 meters) close to your club. However, my school is short of sports facilities, so many students are in bad physical condition. Thereby, I am writing (I write) to you to ask whether it is possible for the students to use your facilities. 


* ⑴ 此处不能用our school，our school代表两人是同一所学校；My school是指我所在的学校。 


⑵ 如果用在称呼且不清楚对方性别时，不能写chairman/chairwoman，只写chair即可。 


4、讲义P1 


You have bought a CD player days ago and found that it didn’t work. Write a letter to the department store for refu12 


⑴ What are the problems; 


⑵ The unsatisfied service of the salesperson; 


⑶ Give some suggestions. 


On June 1st, 2005, I bought a CD player (XY12-SI) at your department store at a price of ＄35. However, this machine doesn’t work at all. I am writing for this matter ( I write you) to know whether I can get a refu12 


5、讲义P2 
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