标题: [分享]每日泛读材料 [打印本页]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-27 15:40 标题: [分享]每日泛读材料
5月27
SARS Linked to Wild Animals
Chinese researchers announced today that they have found a virus similar to the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in several wild animal species for sale at a market in southern China, providing the first clues to the origins of the SARS outbreak. But researchers say it’s too soon to say whether any of the species is actually the virus’s natural reservoir. At the same time, studies published online today by Science show that the SARS virus has the potential to spread widely, but that rigorous public health interventions can stem the epidemic, as it appears to have done in Hong Kong and Vietnam.
Cat-astrophy? Considered a delicacy by some in China, civet cats were found to carry the SARS virus.
CREDIT: MICHAEL S. YAMASHITA/CORBIS
At a news conference today, a research team led by Kwok-Yung Yuen, head of microbiology at the University of Hong Kong, said they had isolated coronaviruses or found traces of the virus in six masked palm civet cats and two raccoon dogs; one Chinese ferret badger was also found to have antibodies against the virus, another indication that it may have carried the virus. The genetic sequence of the isolated virus showed that it was almost identical to the virus that causes SARS in humans, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva.
WHO officials were cautious in their response to the news. It has yet to be shown that the animals are at the root of the human outbreak, WHO said today in a statement; they could have picked up the virus from prey, or even from humans. Moreover, it’s unclear whether the animals can secrete the virus in sufficient amounts in their feces or respiratory fluids to infect humans. However, WHO does recommend that anyone handling or slaughtering the animals take precautions.
Meanwhile, modelers are trying to get a handle on what’s in store for SARS (Science, 25 April, p. 558). Today, Science published two papers, both by international research groups, describing a model of SARS based on data from Hong Kong and Singapore (see M. Lipsitch et al. and S. Riley et al.). Both papers show that, without public health interventions, every SARS patient would infect between two and four people. Although that number is lower than for many other respiratory diseases, it does mean the virus can infect many people wherever it is introduced. But, the modelers say, rigorous surveillance, isolation of patients, and aggressive tracing of their contacts can eventually stop the spread.
Ira Longini, who models diseases at Emory University in Atlanta, says the studies are “both good beginnings.” But what current models can’t take into account, Longini says, are the many things still unknown about SARS--for instance, its capacity to flare up again in the fall like most respiratory viruses do. Another key question, he says, is how many people are infected with SARS but show few symptoms or none at all. If these people can infect others, it would severely complicate efforts to stamp out the disease. In Hong Kong, about one on 12 cases cannot be traced to a known SARS patient.
A troubling indication that SARS may indeed be difficult to control came from Toronto, where four new probable cases were announced today--the first ones since mid-April. If they are confirmed to be SARS, there may have been an undetected chain of transmission, Longini says--for instance, by people who have only mild symptoms--or the virus may have persisted somewhere in the environment. Either way, “this doesn’t look good,” Longini says.
--MARTIN ENSERINK
转自 ‘science‘
[em05]
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-27 8:08:01编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-27 15:56
5月27日
China opens door to foreign brokers in landmark deal
By James Kynge in Beijing
China announced on Tuesday that it had given approval to two foreign brokers to trade domestic shares denominated in renminbi for the first time, a milestone in Beijing's quest to bring its capital markets up to international standards and attract foreign funding for a voracious corporate sector.
UBS, Switzerland's biggest bank, and Nomura Securities, the leading Japanese securities firm, have won the right to trade in the $500bn A-share market, on which 1,200 companies are listed. They may also trade renminbi- denominated Treasury, convertible and corporate bonds and participate in initial public offerings and secondary share issues.
The two brokers, thought likely to start trading A shares within weeks, are the first of several tipped for approval by the China Securities Regulatory Commission to participate in a scheme called Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor, launched in November.
Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank and Merrill Lynch had submitted applications, Chinese sources said. Three foreign banks, Citibank, HSBC and Standard Chartered, all of which have branches in Shanghai, have gained permission to be custodians for funds under the scheme.
The decision is a breakthrough in China's desire to upgrade its capital markets in the face of longstanding fears that an opening for foreign capital could precipitate the type of financial meltdown seen in south-east Asian markets in 1997.
Rodney Ward, Asia chairman at UBS Warburg, said: "QFII will accelerate improvements in the standards of corporate governance in China because, increasingly, mainland companies will be benchmarked against their international peers." UBS said it would expand its research to cover 50 A-share companies by the end of 2003.
The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets have been described by one prominent Chinese economist as "worse than casinos". Accounting standards are often lax, funds manipulate prices and the level of research is rudimentary.
Partly because of this, authorities have been anxious to mitigate risk by imposing onerous restrictions. Qualified investors cannot withdraw funds from China until one year after the initial investment, while closed-end funds must wait three years. No foreign investor can hold more than 10 per cent of the shares in a listed company.
Separately, an official at the CSRC denied reports that Chinese authorities would soon allow qualified domestic institutional investors to invest in markets abroad such as Hong Kong. "We are focusing on QFII. The time is not yet ripe for QDII," said the CSRC official.
转自 FT
[em05]
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-27 8:07:30编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-27 16:24
5月27日
ALBERT OSTERHAUS PROFILE:The Virus Collector
SARS. Flu. HIV. Poxviruses. Dutch virologist Albert Osterhaus is always where the action is. How many viruses can one person keep track of?
ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS--It was the study the world was waiting for. By early April, everybody suspected that a newly discovered coronavirus was the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). But to prove it, researchers had to infect animals with the virus, show that they got sick, and show that their bodies began producing the virus. In other words, they had to fulfill Koch's postulates.
Enter Albert Osterhaus, 54, a virologist at Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. He had just what was needed: the equipment and people to infect monkeys with the virus under strict biosafety conditions and then dissect the animals to study their internal organs. The experiment started on 20 March; 3 weeks later, Osterhaus flew to Geneva to announce the results in a press conference along with Klaus Stöhr, the World Health Organization (WHO) virologist who coordinates the international SARS effort. And once again, fellow virologists were left scratching their heads and wondering: How does he do it?
Over the past 2 decades, Osterhaus has played a key role in the discovery of more than a dozen pathogenic human and animal viruses. Colleagues describe him as an ambitious, alert, and tireless workaholic with a knack for being at the right place at the right time. "He just smells viruses," says his co-worker Guus Rimmelzwaan. Osterhaus's role in the SARS story is especially remarkable, others say, because he's also at the epicenter of efforts to control a devastating flu outbreak among poultry in the Netherlands.
Besides SARS and flu, his scientific work--a PubMed search last week turned up 498 papers--covers HIV, measles, rubella, hepatitis, herpes, hantavirus, and hemorrhagic fevers, among others. And then there are the viral diseases in rodents, African wild dogs, seals, and dolphins. "It's just completely astonishing to me," says epidemiologist Roel Coutinho, director of the Municipal Health Service in Amsterdam. "He has only one head and two hands, right?"
His broad interests and fundraising prowess have made Osterhaus, who runs a 100-person research and diagnostic lab, an oddity in the small-scale and perennially cash-strapped Dutch research scene. In many ways, his lab resembles less an academic group than a miniature version of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta (except that CDC doesn't do Serengeti lions). Some say his strength is also his weakness--that Osterhaus is always skimming the field and never digs in deep. Still, "he has consistently done very good work," says CDC's leading SARS scientist, Larry Anderson. "You have to admire him for his incredible energy and the things he gets done," adds Peter Rottier of Utrecht University in the Netherlands.
The SARS monkey study was a case in point--and vintage Osterhaus, some say. Once he had received the virus from Hong Kong virologist Malik Peiris, Osterhaus decided there was no time to consult an animal ethics panel about the trial, as required by Dutch law. Instead, the director of his university's animal lab got a top official at the Dutch health department to sign off on the study, on the condition that the researchers seek approval after the fact. The move rankled animal-rights activists and a member of parliament; health secretary Clémence Ross-van Dorp later conceded it had not been handled adroitly.
But Osterhaus says he would do it again. "At that point, we were still having lengthy discussions in the WHO network about what caused SARS," he says. "This really needed to be done as fast as possible." He concedes he also wanted to beat rivals to the finish. He did: Nature published his paper--his 499th--about the monkey study on 15 May.
Credit fights
"Good morning! Anybody in yet? Is everybody still sleeping?" It's 9:15 on a sunny Wednesday morning, and Osterhaus, wearing a red shirt and his trademark black vest, is giving a whirlwind tour of his lab. The members of his staff look tanned but a little groggy: They just returned from a 6-day retreat in Curaçao that he held partly to reward them for their hard work. (Osterhaus joined them, but just for 2 days before he rushed back to work.) Occupying the entire 17th floor of a medical faculty building, the rooms offer breathtaking 360º views of Rotterdam's skyline. But Osterhaus doesn't care for the panorama: He hails from Rotterdam's eternal rival, Amsterdam.
Still, this port city's industrious reputation--it's said that shirts are sold in Rotterdam with the sleeves rolled up--seems to fit the lab perfectly. Ever since WHO's Stöhr invited Osterhaus to join the worldwide hunt for the SARS virus in early March, the lab has been a madhouse, says Ron Fouchier, the lead SARS researcher. Behind the united front of the WHO network, competition has been stiff, with researchers often working deep into the night. Osterhaus is a demanding lab chief, "but he works harder than anybody else," Rimmelzwaan says.
Stöhr says he asked Osterhaus to join the WHO group because he's an "excellent scientist." In addition to having the vital ability to do monkey experiments, another big plus was that in 2001 Osterhaus had discovered the human metapneumovirus, which causes respiratory infections in children and was an early suspect in the SARS outbreak. Osterhaus helped other labs test suspected SARS patients for the virus, which today is believed to be at best an accomplice of the coronavirus. Although mass-scale DNA sequencing is not its forte, his lab also determined the sequence of several chunks of the coronavirus genome, helping CDC complete its version of the genome and earning Osterhaus and Fouchier co-authorships on a paper published online by Science 3 weeks ago (www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1085952).
Just as SARS started its rampage, the vast Dutch poultry sector was struck by avian influenza. Again, Osterhaus was well positioned. In early 1997, his lab received a tissue sample from a 3-year-old boy in Hong Kong who had died from a mysterious pneumonia. Well ahead of the four global flu reference labs WHO had consulted, Osterhaus's group discovered that the virus belonged to an avian influenza strain called H5N1. At first, colleagues were skeptical, Fouchier recalls; avian influenza viruses weren't thought to cause severe disease in humans, let alone death. But other labs confirmed the finding, and later that year, 17 more people in Hong Kong were infected with H5N1 and five died. The city's entire chicken population was destroyed to quell the outbreak.
Today the Netherlands is struggling with a different strain, called H7N7, which has caused eye infections in more than 80 people and killed one veterinarian (Science, 2 May, p. 718). Flu experts worry that if the avian virus recombines with a human flu virus, it could create a lethal new strain. Along with the four reference labs, Osterhaus is working on vaccines and diagnostic tests against H7N7. "This is a dress rehearsal for a real pandemic," Osterhaus says.
The twin outbreak has made Osterhaus a familiar face in his home country. A member of countless national and international panels, he seldom declines requests for interviews and has been on television at least 20 times since early March. "Ab loves to hear himself talk," says Fouchier, "but he does it really well."
Colleagues say Osterhaus's energy and personality are an asset to the bustling lab--but they can be a problem, too. Younger scientists have trouble establishing themselves under his towering ego. Osterhaus, for instance, has long insisted on being last author--a position indicating seniority--on many papers leaving his lab. His associates don't dispute his involvement in much of the work, but they need the credit. "We've fought over that, and pretty hard, too," Fouchier says. Several compromises have been worked out; several senior researchers in his lab now grant Osterhaus last authorship on every other paper he played a role in.
Rob Gruters, who does most of the lab's work on HIV, compares his boss to Eddy Merckx, a legendary Belgian bicyclist nicknamed "The Cannibal" because his searing desire to win eclipsed a generation of his colleagues. "Ab wants it all," says Gruters. Still, he says, Osterhaus is fun to work with. He appreciates his staff members' ideas and gives them freedom to pursue their interests--even if they're offbeat.
Deeper questions
High on a wall in Osterhaus's office hangs a poster with a picture of a sad-looking cat whose belly is the size of a soccer ball. It's suffering from feline infectious peritonitis, a fatal condition caused by a coronavirus. Osterhaus, a veterinarian by training, did his Ph.D. on the virus in the late 1970s--and never worked on coronaviruses again until SARS showed up.
But animal diseases have continued to fascinate him. As a researcher at the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment in Bilthoven, which he joined in 1978, he discovered a new herpesvirus that caused a small outbreak among seals in the Dutch Wadden sea in 1984. When the animals started dying en masse across northern Europe 4 years later, he was on the case again. At the time, many believed pollution was killing the mammals, but Osterhaus showed that a canine distemper-like virus did them in.
Wildlife viruses are still one of his passions. Many new human diseases come from animals, he says--including, most likely, SARS. His staff is currently stalking a mysterious agent that's killing red squirrels in the Netherlands.
At Erasmus University, Osterhaus has free rein to do whatever he likes. Tapping into the biodefense rage, he's started working on poxviruses. With support from the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Gruters is working to develop an HIV vaccine. Osterhaus has two companies to commercialize his findings; most of the revenues are cycled back into the lab, he says, where they help pay for the wildlife studies or, for that matter, last month's Caribbean junket. Last year, he licensed the worldwide rights to develop vaccines and antibodies to the human metapneumovirus to MedImmune, a biotech in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The down payment alone reeled in $10 million--most of which goes to the university.
And yet he's not satisfied. Osterhaus missed out on several recently discovered fatal viruses--such as the Nipah virus from Malaysia--because he doesn't have a biosafety level 4 lab, the multimillion-dollar pressure-controlled facilities where scientists work in space suits. He wants the medical center to help him build one, and with all the money he's bringing in, he reckons they owe him. "I simply need it," he says. "Otherwise I can't move ahead."
Some colleagues, especially in the small world of Dutch virology, charge that Osterhaus is a scientific stamp collector. But others say such complaints are motivated by professional envy. "I think he's the best and most fun researcher we have in Holland," says virologist Jaap Goudsmit, chief scientific officer of Crucell, a Dutch biotech.
In any case, the criticism doesn't seem to bother Osterhaus. He can't imagine spending his career on just a few viruses--it would be boring, he says. Besides, there are deeper questions that drive him: Where do new diseases come from? What causes them to pop up at a certain place and time? And how can they be stopped? "Maybe I should sit down more to write about that," he says. "Often there's just not enough time."
And then he has to dash off. He needs to prepare for a major grant review meeting the next day and has to be in a TV studio at 6 p.m. to talk about SARS. And, of course, there are new viruses to hunt down. The 500th paper is just weeks way.
转自 science
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-27 8:27:55编辑过]
作者: Iwantsay 时间: 2003-5-27 16:26
[em00][em00][em00][em00][em11][em11]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-27 16:57
呵呵，慢慢看吧。这点破玩艺看了我一个早晨。
去自习喽！！
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-28 16:02
5月28日
Fed up
Food is one of life's great pleasures. Shopping for it, preparing it and eating it has bound people together for centuries. Our food is more plentiful than ever before and a good meal nourishes not just the body but the soul. But something has gone wrong.
Felicity Lawrence
Saturday May 10, 2003
Many of us no longer trust what we eat. Food scare follows food scare while farming lurches from crisis to crisis. Producers in developing countries are struggling to survive. Farmers in Europe are going bankrupt, despite huge subsidies. Yet food manufacturing and retailing are vastly profitable sectors.
Pleasure has turned to anxiety as we spend less time than ever cooking and sharing meals. Instead, we depend on processed food which is routinely adulterated. Multi-million pound technologies have been developed to substitute cheap alternatives for real ingredients.
These packages of convenience are brought to us by the cheap labour of a hidden army of migrant workers, both here and abroad. Like invisible servants, they wash our salad, pack our beef, prepare our takeaways.
The system that now feeds us requires the extravagant consumption of fossil fuels for transport and packaging and degrades the environment. It has industrialised livestock with inevitable cruelty and disease. We are paying a high price personally, too. For the first time in generations, medical experts warn, we face the prospect of our children dying of disease before us. Obesity and other diet-related diseases have reached epidemic levels in developed countries. Junk food is making us sick. Those on low incomes are often condemned to the worst diets, and suffer the most from these diseases.
Today the Guardian launches a ground-breaking three-part series investigating the great food scandal. Our team of reporters and experts has looked beneath the labels and exposed the contents of our food.
In part one, we show how the way we eat has been transformed beyond recognition in a generation, sometimes with devastating consequences. Next week, we examine the global forces that now control our food. We put the corporations that exert unprecedented power over its production and distribution under the microscope.
Some of what you read will shock you. Much of it will anger you. It demands action from both politicians and the food and farming industry. But the impact of our own choices also becomes clear. We can use our buying power to insist on change.
Part three, published on Saturday May 24, will tell you what you can do if you want to restore the health to eating and the social fabric to shopping. The fight back has already begun. We will introduce you to the farmers, the markets, the producers, the shops, the school dinner ladies, the food co-op organisers, and many more leading lights who will help you reconnect with the pleasure of food.
转自卫报
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-28 16:14
5月28日
Everest Anniversary Team Makes Final Summit Attempt
National Geographic News
May 23, 2002
The National Geographic 50th Anniversary Everest Expedition commemorates the first ascent of the world's highest mountain, by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in May 1953. It also honors the first Americans to stand on the top of the world, including Barry Bishop, in 1963.
The sons of Everest pioneers Hillary, Norgay, and Bishop—Peter Hillary, Jamling Norgay, and Brent Bishop—are helping make a documentary about the anniversary expedition that will air on the National Geographic Channel in the United States and internationally in 2003.
The National Geographic 50th Anniversary Everest Expedition is made possible in part by the generous support of American International Group, Inc.
Mount Everest Expedition
A team of climbers and filmmakers commemorating the 50th anniversary of the first successful climbing of Mount Everest hopes to reach the summit Saturday morning (Friday night EST). The National Geographic 50th Anniversary Everest Expedition has faced illness, crowds, and high winds that have delayed its climb.
John Bredar, executive producer for the National Geographic event, said the team has decided to consolidate into one climbing group on the less windy South Col route—but even there, winds are expected to be around 30 knots (56 km/hour). Peter Athans, the group's guide, managed an ascent in winds like these in 1997, but there is still a great risk.
"This effort is motivated by weather. The forecast is slightly improved for slightly lower winds at altitude, but they are still very cautious—50-50 are the odds I'm hearing," Bredar said.
The climbers will include Athans, Brent Bishop, Peter Hillary, and the group's Sherpa team. Sherpas accompanying the expedition are Nima Tashi Sherpa, the Sherpa climbing leader, Da Sonan Sherpa, Da Jangbu Sherpa, A Rita Sherpa, Lakpa Gelgin Sherpa, Kami Sherpa, and Pasang Yila Sherpa. Jamling Norgay will remain at Base Camp to coordinate communications.
The team had originally planned to ascend in two groups, one following Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay's original route along the South Col, and the other climbing the West Ridge in Barry Bishop's footsteps. During the brief window in May when weather conditions are favorable for climbing, around 80 other climbers wanted to make the ascent. The National Geographic team decided to delay its ascent, as climbing on a crowded mountain can be dangerous. On Monday, the team reached as high as the South Col before turning back because of high winds.
Saturday will be the team's last chance to make the climb, as winds are expected to pick up over the weekend and make climbing impossible.
The entire film crew sent to document the climb for the National Geographic Channel has been forced to abandon the ascent. Sound recordist Dave Ruddick lost a tooth and returned to base camp with an infected jaw and sinus. Cameraman Michael Graber and assistant Jimmy Surrette are still weak from an earlier climbing attempt and a gastrointestinal infection.
Athans and Kame Sherpa will take charge of the filming, with Liesl Clark (head of the National Geographic film unit on the mountain) helping them from Camp III.
The team's plan, according to Bredar, was to leave at 3 a.m. their time on Thursday, in order to make the trip to Camp II during the safer night hours. At 5 a.m. Friday (about 7 p.m. EST Thursday) they will begin climbing again, bypassing Camp III to arrive at Camp IV for the evening—a 5,000-foot (1,524-meter) climb. At 11 p.m., they will begin the eight- to ten-hour, 3,000-foot (914-meter) final ascent. They plan to reach the summit between 7 and 10 a.m. Saturday (9 p.m. and midnight EST on Friday).
转自国家地理
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-28 8:25:12编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-28 16:19
5月28日
Deflation
Hear that hissing sound?
May 15th 2003
From The Economist print edition
Ronald Grant
If inflation falls much further, central bankers will need to delve deeper into their monetary tool-kits
FOR three decades central bankers have struggled to push inflation lower, but some are now starting to wonder whether falling prices might be the bigger threat today. Last week America's Federal Reserve said that a further fall in inflation would be unwelcome. Meanwhile, the European Central Bank (ECB) lifted the floor of its inflation target. In other words, both central banks were admitting that inflation can be too low.
Japan has been suffering from deflation (a fall in the general price level) since the mid-1990s, but now there are fears that the disease could spread to America and Europe. America's core rate of consumer-price inflation (excluding food and energy) has fallen from 2.8% in late 2001 to 1.7% in March, its lowest since 1966. The euro area's core inflation rate has fallen from 2.6% to 1.7% in the past 12 months.
Thanks to overinvestment during the bubble years of the late 1990s and to current sluggish demand, the world is awash with excess capacity in industries from telecoms and airlines to banking and cars, putting downward pressure on prices. Even if a recession is avoided, economic growth looks likely to remain below trend this year almost everywhere; so output gaps (the difference between countries' actual and potential GDP) will widen. The euro area's feeble start to the year (the GDPs of both Germany and Italy shrank in the first quarter) suggests that the single-currency zone will see an even bigger increase in its output gap than America has. Even if growth returns to trend next year, the gaps will remain large.
Historically there has been a close relationship between the size of the output gap and the direction of change in inflation (see chart). When the output gap is negative (actual output is below potential), as at present, inflation usually falls. With inflation already low, a further two years of decline could easily end in deflation. Economists at Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein forecast a core inflation rate of just above 1% in America at the end of next year, and of only 0.2% in the euro area. They expect that by then consumer prices will be falling in both Germany and France.
The fact that neither the Fed nor the ECB cut interest rates at their policy meetings last week suggests that they are more sanguine about the risk of deflation. Wim Duisenberg, the ECB's president, said that he did not expect headline inflation to fall below 2% until the end of this year. Yet several private-sector forecasters reckon that the stronger euro and higher unemployment could reduce inflation to close to 1% by early next year. That would be well below the ECB's newly clarified inflation goal of less than, but close to, 2%. The ECB's previous target was “less than 2%”, but its new goal is still too low. Most central banks have targets with mid-points of 2.5%.
Deflation is not always bad. If caused by rapid productivity growth, as in the late 19th century, it can go hand in hand with robust growth. But if prices are falling because of a slump in demand, deflation can be dangerous. Today the world exhibits both sorts of deflation, but the vast amount of excess capacity suggest that most of it is the bad sort.
Deflation is particularly harmful when an economy has lots of debt, because falling prices swell the real debt burden. This can lead to a vicious circle: as heavily indebted firms are forced to reduce costs, jobs and spending are cut across the economy, pushing prices lower still. In both America and the euro area, total private-sector debt today is larger as a share of GDP than it was when deflation last haunted the world in the 1930s—though not as high as in Japan a decade ago.
The biggest economic danger is that, because nominal interest rates cannot go below zero, deflation makes negative real interest rates unattainable. But then these may be needed to drag an economy out of recession. Last year a study by economists at the Fed of Japan's slide into deflation concluded that monetary policy was not too tight in the early 1990s, given the outlook at the time for growth and inflation. But those forecasts proved too optimistic, and by then it was too late to act. The lesson is that as interest rates and inflation move closer to zero, central banks need to cut interest rates more forcefully than would normally be called for by forecasts of growth and inflation. This justifies the Fed's aggressive easing over the past two years. The ECB's recent behaviour suggests that it has not read the Fed study.
Germany in a bind
American interest rates (1.25%) are lower than the euro area's (2.5%), which might suggest the Fed is running out of ammunition. But the weaker dollar will help to fend off deflation. Indeed, Germany looks more susceptible to deflation than America. Germany cannot cut interest rates (which are set by the ECB) or loosen fiscal policy (which is constrained by the euro area's stability and growth pact); the euro is rising; its banks are in much worse shape than America's are; and German households and companies have even bigger combined debts than do their American counterparts.
Both the Fed and the ECB need to cut interest rates further if they are to be sure of avoiding deflation. But what if deflation takes hold and interest rates hit zero? Late last year, Ben Bernanke, a governor of the Fed, flagged a range of alternative measures that could be used:
• A central bank can reduce long-term interest rates. One way would be to announce that it will hold short-term rates at zero for an extended period. Long-term rates, which depend upon expected future short-term rates, would then fall.
• A more effective way to reduce long-term rates is for the central bank to buy government bonds. This is Mr Bernanke's preferred cure, but it has not stopped deflation in Japan, where long-term bond yields are 0.6%. Mr Bernanke blames Japan's defective banking system and a lack of determination by policymakers to fight deflation. There is some truth in this, but another reason why the policy has failed to boost spending is that overindebted households and firms prefer to save and repay debt. Given the huge excesses left after America's bubble, the same might happen in the United States.
• As well as government bonds, a central bank could buy private securities to pump in more liquidity. This might require a change in the law in some countries.
• Foreign-exchange intervention, to push down a currency, could help to boost output and raise import prices. The most striking example of this was the devaluation of the dollar in 1933-34, which helped to end deflation. This would work for a single country, but it is not an answer to global deflation: not every country can devalue. A falling dollar will reduce the risk of deflation in America, but push inflation lower in the euro area and Japan.
• Last but not least, a central bank can print money to finance tax cuts or higher public spending. This is the surest method of halting deflation, but it is not foolproof. Tax cuts might be saved, not spent, by debt-ridden consumers, so an increase in public spending could be more effective. But, as in Japan, there is then a risk that money is channelled into politically favoured projects with low returns.
In a serious bout of deflation, a central bank acting alone may fail to halt deflation, but if a central bank and government act jointly they will surely succeed. However, a money-financed fiscal stimulus requires co-ordination between the government and the central bank—something that newly independent central banks find hard to do. This has been a big stumbling-block in Japan; such co-ordination would be even harder to achieve in the euro area, where there is the extra complication of the stability and growth pact.
Mr Bernanke believes that, if a central bank injects enough money, it can always reverse deflation. Implicit in this is the view that Japan's persistent deflation reflects the Bank of Japan's incompetence, and that the Fed would do a better job. Is this right? Policy errors are partly to blame for Japan's plight, but the awkward fact is that post-bubble economies tend to be prone to deflation. The Fed may find it harder than it thinks to escape the deflation monster. As for the ECB, its recent behaviour gives little cause for confidence that it would act swiftly.
转自经济学家（www.economist.com）
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-28 8:28:50编辑过]
作者: mysheros_bear 时间: 2003-5-28 19:14
辛苦了！！
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-28 20:22
谢谢，mm啊
呵呵，不辛苦。要不然也得到好几个窗口来回切换。这样把资料都放在51，可以一边看贴子，一边看材料嘛。
嘿嘿
[em03]
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-28 12:28:04编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-29 17:52
5月29日
Amazon Tribes: Isolated by Choice?
John Roach
for National Geographic News
March 10, 2003
No one knows precisely how many people live in isolation from the industrial-technological world. Many of these people, perhaps thousands, are believed to thrive in the remote stretches of the Amazon River Basin of South America. Anthropologists and indigenous rights groups say evidence for the existence of these remote tribes is heard in stories of contact with other indigenous groups, deduced from abandoned dwellings, and seen by developers planning to extract resources from the forests.
The rights groups advocate setting aside lands where the isolated peoples are believed to live, to protect them from the intrusion of developers in the Amazon.
"Estimating their numbers is problematical because the only means to find out for sure is to go out and find them and that poses all sorts of problems," said Janet Lloyd, an anthropologist in Northumberland, England.
Lloyd works with Amazon Watch, a California-based organization formed to protect indigenous peoples' rights in the face of development pressure from oil and gas companies, loggers, and miners.
Brazil is believed to have the largest populations of indigenous people living in isolation from the outside world. The government-established National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) estimates there are more than 50 such groups and has established several reserves to protect their isolation.
Evidence for other populations is known from Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador, said David Rothschild, co-director of Amazon Alliance in Washington, D.C., another group that works to protect the rights of indigenous peoples in isolation.
Some of these groups are truly uncontacted, having no direct knowledge of the outside world. Other groups are actively choosing to live in isolation. "They know the outside world exists and they want nothing to do with it," said Rothschild.
In an interview for National Geographic Today, Gil Inoach, president of the Interethnic Association for Development of the Peruvian Jungle (AIDESEP) said that these people have everything they need to survive without help from the outside world.
"They have the ability to fish, hunt, and detect danger. They have the knowledge to develop their own healthcare systems through the discovery of medicinal plants in order to adapt to any illnesses in their surroundings. They have their own birthing techniques," he said.
Anthropologist Janet Lloyd said that most of these people are not lost in otherwise uninhabited lands, but rather are surrounded by other indigenous groups and under constant pressure from loggers and other developers. "They remain in isolation because they actively choose to do so," she said.
Choosing Isolation
Disease and death have plagued indigenous communities in South America since they first came into contact with outsiders from Europe in the 1500s. The indigenous populations had no immune protection against smallpox, measles, and flu, which wiped out thousands of communities.
"With the initial contact that took place with the colony in the 1500s, many communities were plagued with illnesses and hundreds of communities, thousands of communities, have vanished," said Inoach.
Then, in 1836, Charles Goodyear, an inventor from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, refined the process of vulcanization, which kept rubber from melting in warm weather and cracking in cold weather.
At first rubber was needed for bicycle tires and seals for engines and then for automobiles. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, entrepreneurs flocked to the Amazon to harvest sap from the rubber tree. They enslaved the indigenous people who lived in the forests, forcing them to work at rubber harvesting.
To secure their own survival, indigenous communities that escaped enslavement by the rubber tappers retreated deeper into the forests and today actively avoid contact with the outside world. "They are not convinced that coexisting with an evolving society they can guarantee their own existence," said Inoach.
Protection
Today, indigenous rights groups are at the forefront of a movement to set aside lands where the isolated peoples are believed to exist, protecting them from the intrusion of developers looking to reap riches from the natural resources of the Amazon.
The rights groups hope to prevent a repeat of the atrocities that befell so many of the indigenous peoples' ancestors. "The creation of these protected natural areas, plus the creation of territorial reserves, are ways of creating conditions to safeguard the right to life of these communities," said Inoach.
According to government statistics, some 380,000 square miles (990,000 square kilometers) of indigenous lands are recognized in Brazil and protected from exploitation by loggers, oil and gas developers, and other resource extraction industries.
The creation of protected lands in Brazil has put increasing pressure on the isolated peoples in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru, forcing those governments to address how to secure the rights of the people living in isolation.
Six years of effort by the Native Federation of the Madre de Dios River and Tributaries (FENAMAD) and the Racimos de Ungurahui Project led to the establishment of the first territorial reserve in southeastern Peru in April, 2002.
The reserve protects two or three groups of indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation from the intrusion of loggers seeking mahogany in the forests.
"One of the things FENAMAD and Racimos de Ungurahui did was to form an alliance with small scale loggers," said Rothschild. "To get support for the proposal for the uncontacted tribes, they created sustainable logging areas outside of the area for the tribes."
With the support of the local loggers, the indigenous rights organizations were able to get the reserve established. However, social tensions continue in Madre de Dios. Poor people from the Andes are arriving in the Amazon region searching for work as loggers, putting pressure on the government to open the reserve to resource extraction.
"If the government on one hand means well and passes the law, but on the other doesn't demand respect for it, it's the same as nothing," said Inoach. "So, the government must be strong so as to enforce the judicial extraction in Peru."
5月29日
转自国家地理 原文网址 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0310_030310_invisible1.html
本文是一篇关于生活在南美的处于蒙昧时代的部落的生活状况，以及政府采取的相关保护政策的文章。难度不大，能比较轻松的浏览，推荐阅读。————cooooool注
[em02][em02][em02]
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-29 10:07:57编辑过]
作者: roy 时间: 2003-5-30 04:22
如果连这篇都看不懂，水平是不是太差？？？
差到什么程度？我就没看懂~
作者: Lizard 时间: 2003-5-30 06:55
辛苦了！！
真是感激不尽呀！ 55555。。。
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-30 16:42
以下是引用roy在2003-5-29 20:22:00的发言：
如果连这篇都看不懂，水平是不是太差？？？
差到什么程度？我就没看懂~
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-30 17:02
5月30日
Hunting Helps Expand U.K. Wildlands, Study Says
James Owen in England
for National Geographic News
May 28, 2003
Dead foxes and pheasants are the main aim of the exercise, but farmers who manage their land for hunting and shooting also help to conserve many wild animals.
This is the finding of an independent study into the motives behind habitat conservation work carried out on farms in central England. And researchers conclude that the importance of hunting and shooting to wildlife conservation is highly relevant to the debate over whether fox hunting with hounds should be banned in Britain.
While 76 percent of Britain is covered by farmland, national nature reserves make up only half of one percent. So farmers, not conservationists, manage the vast bulk of the country's available wildlife habitat. Yet their record as custodians of Britain's natural heritage isn't impressive.
Monitoring of farmland birds by the British Trust for Ornithology shows populations have plummeted 40 percent since the 1960s. The conservation charity says these changes are reflected in the fortunes of other species, with 56 percent of butterflies and 50 percent of mammals suffering significant declines on arable farms.
This trend is also mirrored by habitat loss linked to the development of intensified farming methods over the last 50 years. For instance, half the country's farmland hedgerows have been removed since 1945.
In a study published this week in the science journal Nature, scientists from the University of Kent in southeast England say farmers who hunt and shoot can help restore Britain's lost wildlife.
Government agencies have already been trying to encourage environmentally sustainable farming practices through habitat improvement grants. So far, however, success has been limited, according to the University of Kent's professor of biodiversity management, Nigel Leader-Williams.
"Firstly, the amount of money available is relatively limited," he said. "Secondly, uptake is up to the farmers and it isn't wonderfully high."
Leader-Williams says an extra incentive is needed to encourage landowners to get involved with these voluntary schemes. The study found that hunting and shooting provide such an incentive.
"According to our research, it's people involved with country sports who take up these subsidy schemes," Leader-Williams explained. "They plant new woodland because they want foxes and pheasants to live in it."
Three Hunting Areas
Researchers focused their study on three traditional foxhunting regions in central England—the Berkeley, Suffolk, and Warwickshire hunts. By comparing habitat improvement work undertaken on hunting and shooting land with adjacent areas not managed for foxes or game birds, they were able to determine which farms were likely to attract the most wildlife.
Almost 100 percent of landowners who participated in both hunting and shooting were found to be planting new woodland, compared with 37 percent of those not involved in these sports. Similarly, analysis of aerial photographs showed that hunting and shooting farms averaged 7.2 percent tree cover, while farms without a sporting interest were just 0.6 percent woodland.
Wildlife living on hunt farmland was also much more likely to benefit from new hedgerows. Planting was undertaken by all foxhunting landowners who belonged to the government-funded Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group. Less than half of group members not involved in hunting followed suit. In addition, existing hedgerows on hunt land generally contained greater plant diversity.
Stephen Tapper, director of policy and public affairs at the Game Conservancy Trust, a charity that encourages wildlife-friendly game management, is not surprised by these findings. He says hunt groups prefer hedgerows to wire fences for holding livestock. While barbed-wire or electric fences are cheaper and easier to maintain, hunters on horseback would rather jump a hedge.
Tapper also agrees that it's people involved in these sports who tend to support government efforts to conserve farmland wildlife.
He said: "These woodland and hedgerow grants are only a contribution towards planting and don't cover the full costs. Those who are prepared to stump up the remainder are more likely to do so if they have a sporting interest."
And once the planting is done, Tapper believes subsequent management will favor wildlife living on land where country sports occur. He uses pheasant shooting as an example.
He said: "Current management regimes include making wide rides down the middle of woods to provide access for shooting parties in winter and daylight for pheasants released in the autumn.
"These rides provide an edge through the wood where you get layers of different shrubs and herbs. They attract species such as fritillary butterflies and songbirds which typically find life difficult around the outside of farm woods because they are subject to things like agricultural spray drift."
Management For Foxes
Woodland management carried out by foxhunts, such as opening skylights and thinning trees to enhance sporting opportunities, have similar advantages, according to a survey part-funded by the Game Conservancy Trust.
Researchers discovered that five wood-dwelling butterflies found in southern England—the marsh fritillary, silver-washed fritillary, brown hairstreak, purple hairstreak and white admiral—showed a marked preference for hunt land.
A seven-year project run in the 1990s by the Allerton Research and Educational Trust showed how farmland birds also benefit from pheasant shooting.
Game-bird management was introduced to a farm in Leicestershire in central England using a mixture of traditional gamekeeping and conservation methods. These included vermin control, planting crops to provide winter food, reduced pesticide use, woodland creation, and allowing wildflowers to grow around field margins.
Pheasants weren't the only birds to respond well. Populations of farmland species classed as "nationally declining" rose over 100 percent during the project period. Linnet numbers jumped 20 percent each year, while song thrushes and willow warblers increased 16 percent annually.
Leader-Williams believes the natural link between country sports and conservation can be harnessed by government schemes designed to help reverse declines in farmland wildlife.
He said: "Our work has shown that if there's an interaction between conservation and some sort of self-interest, and there's an agri-environment scheme to help pay for it, then you're going to get a greater uptake."
Yet the study comes at a time when politicians are debating whether to ban one of these "self-interests"—foxhunting. Leader-Williams says it's a debate that's ignoring the potential benefits foxhunting can bring for many species.
"This is a gap which has not been addressed," he said. "We've addressed it and now the information is down on the table."
5月30日
转自国家地理 原文网址 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0528_030528_foxhunting.html
呵呵，最近比较偏爱国家地理的东西，比较有意思，也比较简单。今天早上起来9点多才起床，也没有仔细看应该是关于英国的野生动物政策的文章。————cooooool注
[em03][em03][em03][em03][em03][em03][em03][em03][em03][em03]
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-5-30 9:11:28编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-31 17:56
5月30日——
Oxbridge interviews continue to puzzle
Will Woodward
Thursday May 29, 2003
Interviewing one trembling candidate for a place to read history and politics at Oxford University, an admissions tutor deftly anticipated this week's water-cooler conversation. Or at least the water cooler-conversation in the senior common room.
"Is the Eurovision song contest an example of living nationalism?" posed the Professor in December. This was some six months before the United Kingdom's "nul points" embarrassment in Latvia last weekend, attributed in uneven parts to the rest of the continent's low opinion of Britain's participation in the Iraq war and the dreadfulness of the singing by Liverpool pop due Jemini.
A survey of interview questions asked by tutors from Oxford and Cambridge for entry this year cover a wide variety of topics all out of left field.
There's the maths tutor at Oxford: "Can you write a formula that proves mathematics is interesting?"
Theology at Cambridge: "Could there still be a second-coming if mankind had disappeared from the planet?"
Law at Oxford: "What effect on the whole of society does someone crashing into a lamppost have?"
Economics at Cambridge: "In biblical times Joseph carried out the first buffer stock scheme. Why would he not be in the same position to do that today."
Classics at Oxford: "Would Ovid's chat-up line work?"
And of course philosophy at Cambridge: "How do you know if 2 + 2 = 4 in the past?"
This is a distant cousin of last year's favourite: "Is the moon made of cheese" - to a veterinary science candidate at Cambridge.
James Uffindell, senior consultant for Oxbridge Applications, a company that offers advice on applying to the two universities, said the admissions process was "still seen as a mysterious process. Whilst some academics may appear to be guilty of being closeted away, most ask good questions designed to assess the candidate's potential."
Not always, though. Some are wearyingly familiar in subject. One female maths tutor asked her female applicant at Oxford: "Do you have many hormones? I find girls get distracted by male mathematicians."
转自卫报，原文网址——http://education.guardian.co.uk/students/news/story/0,12891,966342,00.html
这是一篇关于牛健向申请者提出的问题的文章。想想如果在你申请入学的时候，如果你的tutor问你：月亮是cheese做成的吗？你怎么回答？——cooooool注
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-31 18:13
China's financial markets
Bush telegraph
May 22nd 2003 | HONG KONG
From The Economist print edition
How an American woman is filling China's financial-information gapBROKERS and fund managers in China are a macho lot, not at all used to doing business with petite, blonde American women. Dealing with Fredy Bush, the founder and boss of Xinhua Financial Network (XFN), a sort of fledgling Chinese Bloomberg, can therefore be an unsettling experience. “They find a way to test me,” says Ms Bush good-humouredly. This usually involves too many toasts with shots of bai jiu, a potent liquor.
Ms Bush is just one of many who noticed the glaring malfunctions in China's capital markets. She is also one of the few to have spotted a way of making money by tackling one of the problems: China's dismal lack of financial information.
Until Ms Bush arrived on the scene, China had no market intelligence to speak of. Its only official news agency, Xinhua, is an arm of the propaganda ministry; its journalists have no training in finance, and certainly no culture of digging aggressively for stories. The country's individual investors (69m of them, says the government; more like 10m, says Stephen Green, author of a recent book on China's stockmarket) do use news websites, but these offer little more than market gossip. Institutional investors used to have no dedicated wire service at all.
Nor did investors have proper benchmarks. China's two stockmarkets, in Shanghai and Shenzhen, calculate market averages. But neither adjusts for the small portion of shares that are actually available to investors: an important omission, because the government typically owns about two-thirds of the firms listed. Nor are there industry-specific averages. This absence of proper indices is the main reason why China still lacks a liquid market in derivatives.
The dearth of information went further. With no market for corporate bonds to speak of, there were no credit ratings. Foreign and Chinese firms that wanted to enter joint ventures had no way of gauging the counterparty risk of potential partners.
XFN, founded in 2000, has now largely plugged institutional investors' information gap. It dispatches over 300 wire stories a day, mostly to proprietary terminals on the desks of Chinese fund managers. It issues credit ratings. Unsolicited by the companies being assessed, these ratings appear to be forcing many managers to behave better. And it issues a series of indices, properly weighted by the free float of shares. In April, one of China's mutual-fund companies launched the first family of funds linked explicitly to XFN's indices—one for high-tech shares, one for cyclical stocks, and so on.
The key, as so often in Chinese business, was to link western know-how with Chinese connections. For the former, Ms Bush brought in FTSE, a British firm that calculates (among other top share benchmarks) London's FTSE 100 index. For the latter—and this was her biggest and most controversial coup—she formed a partnership with Xinhua. Ms Bush stresses that Xinhua provides no capital and no employees: if it did, XFN's editorial credibility might be undermined. Instead, it supplies influence: opening doors, keeping XFN out of bureaucratic tangles, and, not least, protecting it from other western rivals, which need Xinhua's approval to expand their reporting in China.
Xinhua itself has promised Ms Bush that it would not launch a rival service for 20 years. So long as China continues to open and reform its capital markets, XFN's services should therefore be in demand. That should fortify Ms Bush as she prepares to down another shot of bai jiu.
转自经济学家
原文网址：http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1804631
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-5-31 18:14
China's financial markets
Bush telegraph
May 22nd 2003 | HONG KONG
From The Economist print edition
How an American woman is filling China's financial-information gapBROKERS and fund managers in China are a macho lot, not at all used to doing business with petite, blonde American women. Dealing with Fredy Bush, the founder and boss of Xinhua Financial Network (XFN), a sort of fledgling Chinese Bloomberg, can therefore be an unsettling experience. “They find a way to test me,” says Ms Bush good-humouredly. This usually involves too many toasts with shots of bai jiu, a potent liquor.
Ms Bush is just one of many who noticed the glaring malfunctions in China's capital markets. She is also one of the few to have spotted a way of making money by tackling one of the problems: China's dismal lack of financial information.
Until Ms Bush arrived on the scene, China had no market intelligence to speak of. Its only official news agency, Xinhua, is an arm of the propaganda ministry; its journalists have no training in finance, and certainly no culture of digging aggressively for stories. The country's individual investors (69m of them, says the government; more like 10m, says Stephen Green, author of a recent book on China's stockmarket) do use news websites, but these offer little more than market gossip. Institutional investors used to have no dedicated wire service at all.
Nor did investors have proper benchmarks. China's two stockmarkets, in Shanghai and Shenzhen, calculate market averages. But neither adjusts for the small portion of shares that are actually available to investors: an important omission, because the government typically owns about two-thirds of the firms listed. Nor are there industry-specific averages. This absence of proper indices is the main reason why China still lacks a liquid market in derivatives.
The dearth of information went further. With no market for corporate bonds to speak of, there were no credit ratings. Foreign and Chinese firms that wanted to enter joint ventures had no way of gauging the counterparty risk of potential partners.
XFN, founded in 2000, has now largely plugged institutional investors' information gap. It dispatches over 300 wire stories a day, mostly to proprietary terminals on the desks of Chinese fund managers. It issues credit ratings. Unsolicited by the companies being assessed, these ratings appear to be forcing many managers to behave better. And it issues a series of indices, properly weighted by the free float of shares. In April, one of China's mutual-fund companies launched the first family of funds linked explicitly to XFN's indices—one for high-tech shares, one for cyclical stocks, and so on.
The key, as so often in Chinese business, was to link western know-how with Chinese connections. For the former, Ms Bush brought in FTSE, a British firm that calculates (among other top share benchmarks) London's FTSE 100 index. For the latter—and this was her biggest and most controversial coup—she formed a partnership with Xinhua. Ms Bush stresses that Xinhua provides no capital and no employees: if it did, XFN's editorial credibility might be undermined. Instead, it supplies influence: opening doors, keeping XFN out of bureaucratic tangles, and, not least, protecting it from other western rivals, which need Xinhua's approval to expand their reporting in China.
Xinhua itself has promised Ms Bush that it would not launch a rival service for 20 years. So long as China continues to open and reform its capital markets, XFN's services should therefore be in demand. That should fortify Ms Bush as she prepares to down another shot of bai jiu.
转自经济学家
原文网址：http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1804631
作者: thatcrystal 时间: 2003-6-1 06:56
辛苦！辛苦！
多谢了！为大家整理了这么多好文章！
作者: alexandergsy 时间: 2003-6-1 09:48
辛苦了
楼主实在是有心~~！！
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-2 00:04
Modulation of Phospholipid Signaling by GLABRA2 in Root-Hair Pattern Formation
Yohei Ohashi,1 Atsuhiro Oka,1 Renato Rodrigues-Pousada,2 Marco Possenti,2 Ida Ruberti,3 Giorgio Morelli,2 Takashi Aoyama1*
The root-hair pattern of Arabidopsis is determined through a regulatory circuit composed of transcription factor genes. The homeobox gene GLABRA2 (GL2) has been considered a key component, acting farthest downstream in this regulation. GL2 modified to include a transactivating function caused epidermal cells to develop ectopic root hairs or root hair–like structures. With this system, the phospholipase D1 gene (AtPLD1) was identified as a direct target of GL2. Inducible expression of AtPLD1 promoted ectopic root-hair initiation. We conclude that GL2 exerts its regulatory effect on root-hair development through modulation of phospholipid signaling.
1 Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
2 Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
3 Centro di studio per gli Acidi Nucleici, c/o Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: aoyama@scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cell morphogenesis and its disposition pattern are crucial for plants to ensure functional tissue and organ structures, particularly because the relative positions of plant cells do not change after proliferation. Root-hair formation provides a simple model system that allows exploration of the mechanisms that regulate both pattern formation and morphogenesis (1, 2).
In Arabidopsis, the root epidermis is composed of two types of cell files, only one of which produces root hairs (Fig. 1A) (3). Each hair cell file makes contact with two adjacent, underlying, cortical cell files, whereas each hairless cell file makes contact with a single cortical cell file. Mutations in the GLABRA2 (GL2) (4, 5), WEREWOLF (WER) (6), and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (TTG1) (7) genes cause all the cell files in the root epidermis to develop root hairs. Conversely, mutations in CAPRICE (CPC) (8) reduce the frequency of root hairs in hair cell files. GL2, which encodes a homeodomain protein (9), is expressed predominantly in hairless cell files and is thought to be a negative regulator of root-hair development (4, 5). Because the level of GL2 transcription is decreased in ttg1 mutant plants (4), TTG1 has been suggested to regulate GL2 positively. WER and CPC, which encode Myb transcription factors (6, 8) and cross-regulate each other in a feedback loop (10), positively and negatively regulate the position-specific expression of GL2, respectively (6, 10). Although such a transcriptional regulatory circuit may be involved in determining root-hair pattern formation, subsequent events remain obscure. We have analyzed these downstream events by identifying genes affected by GL2, the transcription factor farthest downstream in the known feedback loop.
To increase the expression of GL2 target genes, we converted GL2 into a strong transcriptional activator by replacing its N-terminal acidic region with the transactivating domain of the herpes viral protein VP16. The modified GL2 gene (VP16-GL2N) was expressed in transgenic plants under the control of the GL2 promoter or of the glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression system GVG (11). In 16 of 21 independent transgenic lines carrying the GL2 promoter–driven transgene, all the cell files in the root epidermis developed root hairs (Fig. 1, B and C), and hypocotyl epidermal cell files composed of relatively elongated cells developed root hair–like structures (Fig. 1, D and E). In plants with severe phenotypes, root hair–like structures were also observed on the abaxial surface of the hypocotyl/cotyledon junction (Fig. 1F). The cells that underwent these morphological changes were some of those with GL2 promoter activity (5, 12). Transgenic plants carrying the GVG-inducible VP16-GL2N gene grew normally in the absence of dexamethasone (DEX), a glucocorticoid derivative (Fig. 1H). After their leaves were soaked in DEX solution, a population of leaf epidermal cells changed shape and developed protruding root hair–like structures in 10 of 13 independent lines obtained (Fig. 1, G and I).
We histochemically examined these transgenic plants for promoter activity of the expansin 7 gene (At-EXP7), which is expressed specifically in root-hair cells (13), using a ß-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. At-EXP7 promoter activity was found in cells that bore ectopic root hairs and root hair–like structures (fig. S1), suggesting that those cells had undergone the same developmental processes as root-hair cells. Neither root hair–like structures nor ectopic At-EXP7 promoter activity was observed when a gene that encoded the authentic GL2 protein was inducibly expressed by the GVG system (14).
We conducted a subtraction experiment using cDNAs prepared from DEX-treated plants that carried the GVG-inducible VP16-GL2N and the GVG-inducible GL2 as tester and driver, respectively. In this experiment, we expected to detect GL2 target genes promoting root-hair development, because VP16-GL2N and GL2 were thought to promote and repress root-hair development, respectively. From expression patterns of cloned subtracted cDNAs, we identified a clone that was specifically expressed in DEX-treated plants that carried the inducible VP16-GL2N (Fig. 2A). The clone encoded a phospholipase D (PLD) named AtPLD1 (15).
We examined the physical interaction between the AtPLD1 promoter and the GL2 DNA-binding domain in vitro. In a gel mobility shift analysis, a truncated GL2 protein containing the homeodomain-leucine-zipper (HD-ZIP) region was specifically bound to a 303-base pair (bp)–long DNA fragment, 350 bp upstream from the AtPLD1 initiation codon (Fig. 2B). Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) footprinting analysis revealed that the protein protected an 18-bp sequence in the fragment from DNase I (Fig. 2C). This sequence has two noticeable features (Fig. 2D): a pseudopalindromic structure and a sequence similar to that of the L1-box (16). The existence of the pseudopalindromic structure is consistent with the fact that the leucine-zipper of GL2 can mediate homodimerization (4). The L1-box is reported to be bound to ATML1, a homeodomain protein belonging to the HD-ZIP IV subfamily along with GL2 (16). These results indicate that GL2 recognizes promoter sequences of, and hence directly regulates, the AtPLD1 gene.
To obtain in vivo evidence that GL2 regulates AtPLD1 in root epidermal cells, we examined the promoter activity of an AtPLD1 upstream region that encompassed the GL2-binding sequence with a GUS histochemical analysis. Transgenic plants carrying the reporter gene showed GUS activity in various loci, including meristematic and vascular tissues (14). In developing wild-type root epidermis, GUS activity was higher in hair cell files than in hairless cell files (Fig. 3A). On the other hand, under the gl2 mutant genetic background, both cell files showed the same level of GUS activity (Fig. 3B). A mutant reporter gene, of which the promoter contains substitutions at four base pairs in the sequence bound to the GL2 DNA-binding domain, conferred the same level of GUS activity to both cell files in wild-type root epidermis (Fig. 3C). These expression patterns indicated that GL2 represses the target gene in the development of hairless cells through the recognition sequence.
To investigate the function of AtPLD1 in root-hair development, we examined its tentative intracellular localization using a fusion protein of AtPLD1 and green fluorescent protein (GFP). In the transgenic root epidermis, fluorescence was observed mainly in the cell cortical region and showed a pattern suggesting the protein was localized in vesicles (Fig. 3, D to G). At early stages of root-hair development, the fusion protein was localized preferentially around bulges (Fig. 3, D and E). During growth of root hairs, relatively strong fluorescence was often observed around the root-hair apex (Fig. 3G). Next, we inducibly expressed AtPLD1 using the GVG system. In the absence of DEX, the transgenic plants grew normally and had the same root surface structure as wild-type plants (Fig. 4B). After soaking the root surface in DEX solution, various abnormalities in root-hair development were observed in all nine transgenic lines obtained. In hair cells at stages after bulge formation, root hairs were frequently branched and swollen (Fig. 4, A, D, and E). At early stages, the DEX treatment induced bulges in all cell files (Fig. 4C) and sometimes numerous bulges on a single cell (Fig. 4F). These abnormalities were not observed in DEX-treated transgenic plants that carried a GVG-inducible luciferase gene (14). Thus AtPLD1 is likely involved in both initiation and maintenance of root-hair morphogenesis. Branched root hairs with shapes similar to that in Fig. 4E were frequently observed in gl2 mutant roots (Fig. 4, G and H); 6 days after being sown on vertically standing agar medium, 16 of 20 mutant seedlings showed the phenotype. However, none of 20 wild-type seedlings did so under the same conditions, suggesting that AtPLD1 is negatively regulated by GL2 in hair cells as well as hairless cells. This is consistent with the fact that GL2 is expressed at a low level in hair cells (10).
To analyze the effects of decreased AtPLD1 function, we inducibly expressed double-stranded RNA that interferes with the AtPLD1 expression in transgenic Arabidopsis, using the XVE system, an estrogen-inducible transcription system (17). When the transgenic plants were treated with an estrogen, 17ß-estradiol (E2), both transgenic lines that we examined showed decreased AtPLD1 transcript levels (fig. S2). The lines had normally developing root hairs, as in wild-type plants, in the absence of E2 (Fig. 4J). In the presence of E2, however, their root hairs developed from random positions on the outer surface of hair cells (Fig. 4, K and L), not from the normal position (i.e., near the distal end) and were often expanded and globular (Fig. 4I). These abnormalities were not observed in plants that inducibly expressed AtPLD1 or in E2-treated transgenic plants that carried the XVE system only (14). Although complete loss of AtPLD1 function was expected to inhibit root-hair initiation, the AtPLD1 gene was not completely repressed in this system (fig. S2). However, partial repression of AtPLD1 decreased the specificity of tip-growth position and activity for tip-growth maintenance.
Another experiment examined the involvement of PLD activity in root-hair development with 1-butanol as a specific inhibitor of PLD and 2-butanol as a negative control (18). On an agar medium containing 0.06% 2-butanol, wild-type plants grew normally and developed root hairs around the transit region just after germination (Fig. 4M). In the presence of the same concentration of 1-butanol, germination occurred, but epidermal cells around the transit region did not develop root hairs (Fig. 4N). This result suggests the involvement of PLD function in root-hair development. Root elongation and leaf development were inhibited by 1-butanol (14), possibly because PLD activity is required for normal cell proliferation.
Thus, expression of GL2 target genes promoted root-hair development. We conclude that GL2 regulates root-hair pattern formation by repressing genes for root-hair development in hairless cells (fig. S3). Because PLD, the product of a GL2 target gene, affects cell morphogenesis (19, 20), GL2 very likely acts as an intermediary between the transcriptional regulatory circuit that involves WER, CPC, and GL2 and the morphogenic effects of PLD (fig. S3). PLD hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline (19, 20). Arabidopsis encodes two types of PLDs: a C2 domain–containing type that is unique to plants and a PX-PH domain–containing type generally found in eukaryotes (15). AtPLD1 is of the latter type. PLD in animal and yeast cells regulates membrane-trafficking events to and from the plasma membrane (19, 20). By analogy, AtPLD1 might regulate vesicle trafficking and exocytosis in root-hair tip growth. The localization pattern of the GFP-fusion protein supports this postulate. As another possibility, AtPLD1 might also regulate root-hair morphogenesis through the translocation of the membrane proteins involved in signal transduction, including those for phytohormones.
References and Notes
1. J. W. Schiefelbein, Plant Physiol. 124, 1525 (2000).[Free Full Text]
2. L. Dolan, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4, 550 (2001).[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
3. L. Dolan et al., Development 120, 2465 (1994).[Abstract]
4. M. Di Cristina et al., Plant J. 10, 393 (1996).[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
5. J. D. Masucci et al., Development 122, 1253 (1996).[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. M. M. Lee, J. Schiefelbein, Cell 99, 473 (1999).[ISI][Medline]
7. M. E. Galway et al., Dev. Biol. 166, 740 (1994).[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
8. T. Wada, T. Tachibana, Y. Shimura, K. Okada, Science 277, 1113 (1997).[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. W. G. Rerie, K. A. Feldmann, M. D. Marks, Genes Dev. 8, 1388 (1994).[Abstract]
10. M. M. Lee, J. Schiefelbein, Plant Cell 14, 611 (2002).[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. T. Aoyama, N.-H. Chua, Plant J. 11, 605 (1997).[ISI][Medline]
12. C.-Y. Hung et al., Plant Physiol. 117, 73 (1998).[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. H.-T. Cho, D. J. Cosgrove, Plant Cell 14, 3237 (2002).[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Y. Ohashi, T. Aoyama, data not shown.
15. C. Qin, W. Wang, Plant Physiol. 128, 1057 (2002).[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. M. Abe, T. Takahashi, Y. Komeda, Plant J. 26, 487 (2001).[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
17. J. Zuo, Q.-W. Niu, N.-H. Chua, Plant J. 24, 265 (2000).[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
18. X. Wang, Prog. Lipid Res. 39, 109 (2000).[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
19. M. Liscovitch, M. Czarny, G. Fiucci, X. Tang, Biochem. J. 345, 401 (2000).[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
20. S. Cockcroft, Cell Mol. Life Sci. 58, 1674 (2001).[ISI][Medline]
21. R. Rodrigues-Pousada et al., in preparation.
22. We thank T. Wada and T. Kurata for useful suggestions, Y. Niwa for providing the GFP-coding fragment, D. Cosgrove and H.-T. Cho for information about the At-EXP7 expression pattern, and N.-H. Chua for providing the estrogen-inducible gene expression system. This work was supported by grants from the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution, Japan (T.A.); the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Life Science Programme (I/R/366/02) (I.R.); and the Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Technologica—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy (G.M.). R.R.P. is indebted to the European Molecular Biology Organization for a postdoctoral grant and a short-term fellowship (ALTF 764-1996 and ASTF9560) and to Praxis XXI, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal) for a postdoctoral grant (BPD/20102/99).
Supporting Online Material
转自science
原文网址：http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5624/1427
原文有几个figure，弄过来太麻烦，有兴趣的话点击上面的原文网址。
science的东西往往比较难，生词很多，试试看吧。还是有意义的
————cooooool 6月1日
[em05]
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-1 16:08:18编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-2 02:30
感谢18，19楼的支持，欢迎大家来泛读，同时更加欢迎能欧在读完之后，把你的评价留下来！
作者: thatcrystal 时间: 2003-6-2 04:24
这篇文章太难了！是不是有点过于专业了？不符合雅思出题范围吧？
另外，为什么行尾的词总是被拆开了呢？
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-2 20:38
这篇专自science的文章是有比较难，而且事实上我看的稀里糊涂，所以没有加注释。
至于雅斯的范围不太好说了，雅斯阅读里面也有很专业的论文，只是往往没有这么难，而加大一下难度也可以拔高一下，感觉一下自己泛读能力的上限，应该还是有意义的。另外我觉得前几日转的文章偏于简单，所以这次来点高难的吧。说实话，在science上找容易的文章真的不太容易。
至于—————为什么行尾的词总是被拆开了呢？————-我真的无能为力，论坛提供的文字编辑功能实在有限，我也知道现在这样的状况很不爽，但是我心有余力不足啊。还请见谅。
最最重要的！！！！-----------实在感谢你的留言，说实话我已经发了好几天泛读资料，都是我在science,ft,国家地理，卫报等几个很有价值的网站上转来的，但是看的人实在不多，虽偶有支持但是有点意见和评论的就太少了，感谢你的贴子，痛哭流涕ing。
[em11]
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-2 12:45:12编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-2 20:58
Rare Two-headed Tortoise Found in Africa
Candice Swarts in Cape Town
For National Geographic News
May 30, 2003
Fantasy books are filled with stories about two-headed dragons and two-headed monsters, but who has ever heard of a two-headed tortoise?
This is exactly what Noël Daniels, a welder of Wellington, Western Cape, South Africa, discovered when he went into his backyard and found this strange newcomer hatched from an egg amongst his pet tortoises.
Daniels is the owner of seven tortoises, as terrestrial turtles are commonly known. They live with his budgies and pigeons in a dovecote. The strange tortoise's shell is flat underneath and not rounded at the belly as usual, he says.
The two heads are joined separately to a shared body.
"But it seems quite normal and both heads feed on grass, leaves, and softened rabbit pellets," Daniels said. "When it gets scared, however, [the] heads move in different directions as if confused. Sometimes its legs also want to move in different directions. Luckily, it moves quite slowly. There seems to be enough time to figure out which way to go."
The month-old tortoise's shell is about five centimeters (two inches) wide.
Ernst Baard, manager of scientific services of Cape Nature Conservation, an expert on South African tortoises, said that the phenomenon of two heads is extremely rare. To his knowledge, it is only the second reported case of its kind in South Africa in over 20 years. The other one was discovered in the early 1980's
Baard said that the tortoise might be the product of a genetic deviation during the development stage of the embryo.
He believes that the tortoise has a better chance of survival in captivity than in the wild. "With proper feeding and love it's chances of survival [are] fairly good. However, I am not so sure if it will mature completely."
Baard is almost 100 percent sure that it is an angulate tortoise, which is commonly found in South Africa. He said he would like to examine the animal physically to confirm this and find out more about the phenomenon of its two heads.
Le Fras Mouton, professor in the department of zoology at the University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, agreed that it could be an angulate tortoise (Chersina angulata). Mouton, a reptile expert, said that he has heard of two-headed lizards, but never of two-headed tortoises.
Margaretha Hofmeyr, head of the Chelonian Biodiversity and Conservation Program at the University of the Western Cape, concurred that from the photo the juvenile two-headed animal appears to be an angulate tortoise. The program she directs is to study the diversity and biology of southern Africa's chelonians (tortoises and turtles).
The angulate tortoise seldom grows bigger than 22 centimeters (eight or nine inches), and has a lengthened straw-colored shell with somewhat raised shields that are black in the middle and on the sides. The tortoise evidently doesn't like to be picked up, and will often empty it's bladder on a human handler in what may be an attempt to defend itself.
South Africa, which covers less than one percent of the Earth's total land surface, is widely renowned for its rich diversity of fauna and flora (see links below). Of the 43 species of tortoises worldwide, 13 can be found in South Africa, ten of them in the Western Cape.
The endangered geometric tortoise (click on the Turtle Survival Alliance link below for a list of the world's 25 most threatened turtles), is endemic, or unique to the Western Cape.
6月2日
转自 国家地理 原文网址：http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0529_053003_twoheadedtortoise.html
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-2 21:00
上面的文章很有意思，在南美洲有人发现了张了[B]两只脑袋的乌龟[/B]。并介绍了这只可爱的小家伙的近况，以及相关学者的评论。这篇文章比较简单，读起来会比较happy.
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-2 13:03:21编辑过]
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-3 22:17
Shanghai tycoon's wife held
By Richard McGregor in Shanghai, Joe Leahy in Hong Kong and James Kynge in Beijing
Published: June 2 2003 21:57 | Last Updated: June 2 2003 21:57
The crisis besetting the business empire of Zhou Zhengyi, a Shanghai tycoon under official investigation, deepened on Monday after Hong Kong authorities arrested his wife on suspicion of fraud, and documents emerged showing he obtained prime urban land for free.
Mr Zhou, named by Forbes magazine as China's 11th richest person, last year won the right to consolidate eight pieces of land into a single 63,000 sq metre, Rmb5bn development in the Jingan district in the heart of Shanghai.
About 12,000 families are due to be evicted to make way for Mr Zhou's project, Shanghai's biggest ever development. Rights to develop state land are usually transferred free only when the developer agrees to return displaced residents to the redeveloped site. However, six residents, representing a first batch of some 2,000 families who face leaving their homes, have lodged a petition with a local court saying Mr Zhou has refused to rehouse them.
Transfer documents seen by the Financial Times show Mr Zhou did not pay for development and land usage rights covering at least one parcel of the land.
Mr Zhou, chairman of Shanghai Nongkai Development Group and owner of two listed Hong Kong companies, is the latest of a number of mainland tycoons to attract official scrutiny for alleged corruption.
Last year Yang Bin, one of the country's wealthiest men, was arrested following a failed attempt to start a free trade zone in North Korea. Yang Rong, another tycoon, fled after authorities started to investigate dealings within Brilliance China, his vehicle company.
The investigation into Mr Zhou centres on questionable loans, including one from Bank of China (Hong Kong) for about HK$2.1bn in early 2002. He used the money to buy a 75 per cent stake in Shanghai Land Holdings, a listed company, and then used the stake to secure the loan.
Liu Jinbao, head of Bank of China (Hong Kong) when that loan was granted, was recalled to Beijing last month in unexplained circumstances. Neither Mr Liu nor other top bank officials deny rumours that Mr Liu is also under investigation.
Trading in Shanghai Land and Shanghai Merchants, Mr Zhou's other subsidiary, was suspended on the Hong Kong stock exchange on Monday while officials waited for clarification of news reports. Mr Zhou was unavailable for comment.
The Independent Commission Against Corruption, Hong Kong's anti-corruption authority, said it had arrested the "chairwoman and a director of a public listed company in Hong Kong" and 18 others for suspected "granting of banking facilities and conspiracy to defraud".
An ICAC official indicated the woman was Mo Yuk-ping, head of Shanghai Merchants Holdings and Mr Zhou's wife.
Others detained included a former bank officer, three serving staff and one former employee of the listed company, a former employee of an investment company, and 12 other individuals.
Separately, Ye Lipei, a Shanghai tycoon with links to Mr Liu, denied rumours he was under investigation by mainland authorities.
转自 ft
原文网址：http://news.ft.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=FT.com/StoryFT/FullStory&c=StoryFT&cid=1054416341699&p=1045050946495
关于上海首富周正毅被捕新闻的英文版————cooooool
6月3日
作者: Lizard 时间: 2003-6-4 06:22
哇噻!真是太辛苦了!
谢谢... ...
可我真感觉好难呀?不过泛读还是很有用的!
大家加油啊!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
作者: thatcrystal 时间: 2003-6-4 07:03
这两篇文章中虽然还是有些生词，但看起来轻松多了。
你是那几个网站的会员吗？为什么我就没法看那几个网站的文章呢？
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-5 04:20
我也不是啊，为了泛读申请会员岂不是赔大了？
很多文章我也看不了啊。
我也就是选择能看的转过来嘛。
作者: cooooool 时间: 2003-6-5 16:47
Goldman Sachs increases exposure in China
By Richard McGregor in Shanghai and Sabuhi Mir and Friederike von Tiesenhausen in London
Published: June 4 2003 12:53 | Last Updated: June 4 2003 13:17
Goldman Sachs, the US investment bank, has increased its exposure to China’s emerging bad debt market, announcing on Wednesday a "strategic partnership" with the mainland’s largest bank to dispose of non-performing loans.
Henry Paulson, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Goldman Sachs, said in Beijing he hoped the deal marked the beginning of a "long-term relationship" with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), which has assets of around US$600bn and a non-performing loan (NPL) ratio of 24 per cent.
Both Goldman Sachs and a Morgan Stanley-led consortium have previously formed joint ventures with Huarong, an asset management company created to dispose of parcels of ICBC’s non-performing loans.
However, the venture announced Wednesday is the first between a foreign institution and a Chinese bank.
The announcement said the joint venture would take on bad loans from ICBC worth Rmb8-10bn, but made no mention of how it would value the portfolio, or the expected rate of return.
China’s leaders have been slow in tackling the country’s bad debt problems, worried that the disposal of the NPLs at a large discount to their book value could turn into a firesale and provoke a devaluation of the entire state-owned sector. This concern has so far hindered their ability to offload billions of in NPLs.
After announcing their deals with Huarong, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley took more than a year to get approval for joint venture structures that could legally collect debts, repatriate currency, transfer loans to their control and exercise rights over mortgages and other securities.
The banks aim to profit by buying the loans at a discount to face value and squeezing a return from the assets.
Goldman Sachs has placed great import on this latest deal, saying that its executives continued to travel to Beijing to negotiate it in the last three months at the height of the Sars epidemic.
"This is a very important market for Goldman Sachs and we are more commited than ever to China," Mr Paulson said.
As well as deepening Goldman Sachs’ knowledge of Chinese banking and the bad debt market, the deal is also an important relationship builder for the US investment bank.
"They might hope to become a financial adviser to ICBC and later even underwrite any listing," said Yuan Mingliang, a Shanghai-based analyst.
China’s big state banks are in the early stages of restructuring to prepare themselves for partial listings both at home and offshore.
Goldman Sachs is also awaiting approval from Chinese regulators for its application to become a qualified foreign institutional investor, which would grant it access to the country's stock market.
6月5日
转自 ft
原文网址：http://news.ft.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=FT.com/StoryFT/FullStory&c=StoryFT&cid=1054416408770&p=1045050946495
经济类的东西，我看起来都比较费劲，稀里糊涂的。大家try一下吧。————cooooool
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